In its scientific position stand, the International Society of Sports Nutrition concluded that creatine monohydrate is the most effective nutritional supplement available for increasing high-intensity exercise capacity and lean body mass during training. A daily intake of 3–5 g maintains saturated muscle stores — our 4.5 g serving sits squarely in that maintenance range.

A systematic review of randomized trials found evidence that maca improves sexual desire in healthy men. Our 10:1 atomized extract concentrates the active fraction, with 150 mg corresponding to roughly 1.5 g of raw root — the dose range used in the supporting trials.

A Cochrane systematic review reported that ginseng may improve self-reported erectile function compared with placebo, with effects thought to be linked in part to nitric-oxide–mediated blood flow.

A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials found that grape seed extract, rich in proanthocyanidins, had a beneficial effect on blood pressure — part of the vascular and circulatory support relevant to healthy blood flow.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, saffron significantly improved measures of erectile function versus placebo over six weeks.

In a human study, daily boron supplementation increased free testosterone and reduced inflammatory markers in men. The evidence base is early and the studied dose was higher than ours, so we position boron as supportive rather than the headline actor.

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, citicoline improved memory performance in healthy adults. Trials commonly use 250–500 mg/day; our 250 mg sits at the lower end of the studied range.

A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial using 200 mg/day — the exact dose in our formula — found reductions in stress-related symptoms alongside improvements in verbal fluency and executive function in healthy adults.

A randomized controlled trial found that acetyl-L-carnitine reduced physical and mental fatigue and improved cognitive scores. Note: the trial used substantially higher daily doses than our 120 mg, so ALCAR is included as a complementary, not primary, active.

A randomized, placebo-controlled trial found that magnesium bisglycinate — the same gentle, well-absorbed form we use — reduced insomnia severity in adults reporting poor sleep. The trial used a higher elemental dose, so we pair magnesium with the actives below rather than relying on it alone.

In a randomized trial with polysomnography, glycine taken before bed improved subjective sleep quality and shortened the time to fall asleep, without altering normal sleep architecture. The supporting trials used 3 g, above our 200 mg, so glycine works here in concert with the full blend.

Randomized trials of the KSM-66 ashwagandha extract have reported reductions in perceived stress and serum cortisol, and improvements in sleep quality and sleep-onset latency in adults — summarized in the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements review.

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded that melatonin reduces the time taken to fall asleep, increases total sleep time, and improves overall sleep quality. We use a deliberately low 1 mg dose — enough to support sleep onset without next-day grogginess.